Monday, May 25, 2020

CUNY Queens College Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

Queens College is a public college with an acceptance rate of 48%. Located about 10 miles east of Manhattan in Flushing, Queens College is a  public university  and one of the senior colleges in the  City University of New York (CUNY)  system. The college offers bachelors and masters degrees in more than 100 areas with psychology, sociology, and business among the most popular with undergraduates. The colleges strengths in the liberal arts and sciences earned it a chapter of the prestigious  Phi Beta Kappa  Honor Society. Traditionally a commuter school, Queens College opened its first residence hall in 2009. On the athletic front the Queens College Knights compete in the NCAA Division II  East Coast Conference. Considering applying to Queens College? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Queens College had an acceptance rate of 48%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 48 students were admitted, making Queens Colleges admissions process competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 18,862 Percent Admitted 48% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 22% SAT and ACT Scores and Requirements Queens College requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. Most students submit SAT scores, and Queens College does not provide statistics for applicants ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 79% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 520 600 Math 540 620 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of Queens Colleges admitted students fall within the  top 35% nationally  on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to Queens College scored between 520 and 600, while 25% scored below 520 and 25% scored above 600. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 540 and 620, while 25% scored below 540 and 25% scored above 620. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1220 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at Queens College. Requirements Queens College does not require the SAT writing section. Note that Queens College requires applicants to submit all SAT scores, but will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. Queens College does not require SAT Subject tests, but they are recommended for scholarship and honors college consideration. Note that minimum score requirements for incoming freshmen include an SAT score of 1130 in critical reading and math or an ACT score of 22 or higher in English and math. GPA In 2019, the average high school GPA of Queens Colleges incoming freshmen class was 89.4. This information suggests that most successful applicants to Queens College have primarily high B grades. Note that the minimum required GPA for incoming freshmen is 80, or B-. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph CUNY Queens College Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Queens College. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances Queens College, which accepts fewer than half of applicants, has a competitive admissions pool. Applicants may apply using the Common Application or the CUNY application. Queens College wants to see high grades in  rigorous courses  and strong test scores. However, Queens College has a  holistic admissions  process involving other factors beyond your grades and test scores. You can improve your chances of acceptance by submitting an optional  application essay, glowing  letters of recommendation, and a resume of  extracurricular activities. Note that specialized majors have additional admission requirements. In the graph above, the blue and green dots represent students who were admitted to Queens College. Most had SAT scores of 1050 or higher (ERWM), an ACT composite of 21 or higher, and a high school average of a B or better. Standardized test scores and grades above this lower range can improve your chances measurably. If You Like Queens College, You May Also Like These Schools New York UniversityBinghamton UniversityBaruch CollegeStony Brook UniversityFordham UniversityUniversity at AlbanyPace UniversityHunter College All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and CUNY Queens College Undergraduate Admissions Office. CUNY Queens College Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA Queens College is a public college with an acceptance rate of 48%. Located about 10 miles east of Manhattan in Flushing, Queens College is a  public university  and one of the senior colleges in the  City University of New York (CUNY)  system. The college offers bachelors and masters degrees in more than 100 areas with psychology, sociology, and business among the most popular with undergraduates. The colleges strengths in the liberal arts and sciences earned it a chapter of the prestigious  Phi Beta Kappa  Honor Society. Traditionally a commuter school, Queens College opened its first residence hall in 2009. On the athletic front the Queens College Knights compete in the NCAA Division II  East Coast Conference. Considering applying to Queens College? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Queens College had an acceptance rate of 48%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 48 students were admitted, making Queens Colleges admissions process competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 18,862 Percent Admitted 48% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 22% SAT and ACT Scores and Requirements Queens College requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. Most students submit SAT scores, and Queens College does not provide statistics for applicants ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 79% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 520 600 Math 540 620 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of Queens Colleges admitted students fall within the  top 35% nationally  on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to Queens College scored between 520 and 600, while 25% scored below 520 and 25% scored above 600. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 540 and 620, while 25% scored below 540 and 25% scored above 620. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1220 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at Queens College. Requirements Queens College does not require the SAT writing section. Note that Queens College requires applicants to submit all SAT scores, but will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. Queens College does not require SAT Subject tests, but they are recommended for scholarship and honors college consideration. Note that minimum score requirements for incoming freshmen include an SAT score of 1130 in critical reading and math or an ACT score of 22 or higher in English and math. GPA In 2019, the average high school GPA of Queens Colleges incoming freshmen class was 89.4. This information suggests that most successful applicants to Queens College have primarily high B grades. Note that the minimum required GPA for incoming freshmen is 80, or B-. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph CUNY Queens College Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Queens College. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances Queens College, which accepts fewer than half of applicants, has a competitive admissions pool. Applicants may apply using the Common Application or the CUNY application. Queens College wants to see high grades in  rigorous courses  and strong test scores. However, Queens College has a  holistic admissions  process involving other factors beyond your grades and test scores. You can improve your chances of acceptance by submitting an optional  application essay, glowing  letters of recommendation, and a resume of  extracurricular activities. Note that specialized majors have additional admission requirements. In the graph above, the blue and green dots represent students who were admitted to Queens College. Most had SAT scores of 1050 or higher (ERWM), an ACT composite of 21 or higher, and a high school average of a B or better. Standardized test scores and grades above this lower range can improve your chances measurably. If You Like Queens College, You May Also Like These Schools New York UniversityBinghamton UniversityBaruch CollegeStony Brook UniversityFordham UniversityUniversity at AlbanyPace UniversityHunter College All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and CUNY Queens College Undergraduate Admissions Office.

Friday, May 15, 2020

Biography of Enrico Dandolo, Doge of Venice

Enrico Dandolo was known for funding, organizing, and leading the forces of the Fourth Crusade, who never reached the Holy Land but instead captured Constantinople. He is also famous for taking the title of Doge at a very advanced age. Occupations DogeMilitary Leader Places of Residence and Influence Venice, ItalyByzantium (Eastern Roman Empire) Important Dates Born: c. 1107Elected Doge: June 1, 1192Died: 1205 About Enrico Dandolo The Dandolo family was wealthy and powerful, and Enricos father, Vitale, had held several high administrative positions in Venice. Because he was a member of this influential clan, Enrico was able to secure a position in the government himself with little difficulty, and eventually, he was entrusted with many important missions for Venice. This included a trip to Constantinople in 1171 with the doge at that time, Vitale II Michiel, and another a year later with the Byzantine ambassador. On the latter expedition, so diligently did Enrico protect the interests of the Venetians that it was rumored the Byzantine emperor, Manuel I Comnenus, had him blinded. However, although Enrico suffered from poor vision, the chronicler Geoffroi de Villehardouin, who knew Dandolo personally, attributes this condition to a blow to the head. Enrico Dandolo also served as Venices ambassador to the King of Sicily in 1174 and to Ferrara in 1191. With such prestigious accomplishments in his career, Dandolo was considered an excellent candidate as the next doge -- even though he was quite elderly. When Orio Mastropiero stepped down in order to retire to a monastery, Enrico Dandolo was elected Doge of Venice on June 1, 1192. He was believed to be at least 84 years of age at the time. Enrico Dandolo Rules Venice As doge, Dandolo worked tirelessly to increase the prestige and influence of Venice. He negotiated treaties with Verona, Treviso, the Byzantine Empire, the Patriarch of Aquileia, the King of Armenia and the Holy Roman Emperor, Philip of Swabia. He fought a war against the Pisans and won. He also reorganized Venices currency, issuing a new, large silver coin known as the grosso or matapan that bore his own image. His changes to the monetary system were the beginning of an extensive economic policy designed to increase trade, most especially with lands to the east. Dandolo also took a keen interest in the Venetian legal system. In one of his earliest official acts as ruler of Venice, he swore the â€Å"ducal promise,† an oath that specifically laid out all of the duties of the doge, as well as his rights. The grosso coin depicts him holding this promise. Dandolo also published Venices first collection of civil statutes and revised the penal code. These achievements alone would have earned Enrico Dandolo an honorable place in the history of Venice, but he would earn fame -- or infamy -- from one of the strangest episodes in Venetian history. Enrico Dandolo and the Fourth Crusade The idea of sending troops to the Eastern Roman Empire instead of to the Holy Land did not originate in Venice, but it is fair to say that the Fourth Crusade would not have turned out as it did were it not for the efforts of Enrico Dandolo. The organization of transportation for the French troops, the funding of the expedition in exchange for their help in taking Zara, and the persuading of the crusaders in helping the Venetians take Constantinople -- all of this was Dandolos work. He was also physically in the forefront of events, standing armed and armored in the bow of his galley, encouraging the attackers as they made their landing at Constantinople. He was well past 90 years old. After Dandolo and his forces succeeded in capturing Constantinople, he took the title lord of the fourth part and a half of the whole empire of Romania for himself and for all the doges of Venice thereafter. The title corresponded to how the spoils of the Eastern Roman Empire (Romania) were then divided as a consequence of the conquest. The doge remained in the capital city of the empire to oversee the new Latin government and to look out for Venetian interests. In 1205, Enrico Dandolo died in Constantinople at the age of 98. He was entombed in the Hagia Sophia. Resources and Further Reading Madden, Thomas F.  Enrico Dandolo the Rise of Venice. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 2011.Brà ©hier, Louis.  Enrico Dandolo.  The Catholic Encyclopedia.  Vol. 4.  New York: Robert Appleton Company,  1908.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Koan Essay - 1209 Words

Obtaining Realization Through Koan Zen, also known as Ch’an Buddhism in China, is a school of Mahayana Buddhism that was established in China about 1500 years ago. Zen is a form of religious practice of mainly concentrating the mind to a single point in which then results in self-realization and/or enlightenment. Zen philosophy is interpreted that all humans are capable of reaching enlightenment, which is generally blocked by ignorance. The idea emphasizes enlightened masters over forms of scriptures, and is the least â€Å"academic† of all the Buddhist schools. The beliefs and traditions Zen Buddhism holds has been very influential on western society, which makes Zen one of the most well known school of Buddhism in America. The main ideas†¦show more content†¦Zen Buddhism has a reputation for being unfathomable or an incomprehensible type of religion. Much of that reputation is derived from koan practice. Buddhist priest Myoan Eisai introduced Zen in Japan in 1191 after receiving a certification as a Zen teacher in China, as a disciple of Xuan Huaichang. Along with his certification, Eisai also brought Zen scriptures and tea seeds in which he used when immediately opening the first Zen temple in Japan. Rinzai and Soto are the two sub divisions of Zen, and are the two largest Zen sects in Japan today. Rinzai was brought to Japan by Eisai in the 12th century and focuses on sudden enlightenment. This practice believes that unless one awakens the absolute, Rinzai will have no effect. Rinzai master Hakuin used koans, a puzzling or para doxical story or statement for aid in meditation. The most well known koan, â€Å"what is the sound of one hand clapping?† was created by Hakuin Ekaku. Koan, literally meaning â€Å"public cases† is one of the most familiar and distinctive elements of Zen Buddhism. It refers to mysterious and often shocking spiritual expressions, most cases in forms of riddles, based on encounters between masters and disciples of the tradition used as â€Å"pedagogical tools for religious training in the Zen (Ch’an) Buddhist tradition† (Wright 3). Most classic koans are derived from the T’ang dynasty China. Kung-an, the Chinese pronunciation of koan, is a case which establishes aShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Zen Koans522 Words   |  2 PagesZen koans serve the purpose of taking one beyond thinking into dethinking. It is a tool to separate the enlightened from others. The enlightened will make the connection instantly, like a fluid moment, since it is their nature. However, one is not enlightened will have to pause, and like the archer or swordsman seeking to gain mastership, will repetitively turn their mind to the k oan. While koans are usually riddles, or questions, the answers to them are insignificant. What is significant is theRead MoreThe Four Noble Truths of Buddhism1018 Words   |  4 Pageswhy a koan might help a person during meditation. A koan helps during meditation because it cuts through some of the mental clutter, which causes the mind to cling to mundane issues. Intead, the person focuses on pure awareness. The koan also jolts the persons mind awake and aware, because the paradox or puzzle makes the person think in unconventional ways. Instead of using the typical parts of the brain used in daily life, the koan encourages more expansive states of mind. Essentially, koans areRead MoreZen Buddhism Essay1202 Words   |  5 Pagesby Dogen, the illegitimate son of two aristocratic parents. Dogen was also a Tendai monk who became disillusioned with the faith, so he turned instead to the teachings of Eisai. After realizing that he wasnt fond of the emphasis Eisai placed on koans—Zen anti-riddles, meant to propel one into enlightenment—he moved on to Caodong monasteries, where he found himself to be quite impressed with the Caodong way of thinking. Upon hearing the Zen master berating a novice for falling asleep while meditatingRead MoreCompare And Contrast : Dogen And Hakuin1419 Words   |  6 Pagesbecame ordained at thirteen, and then became student of Eisai’s disciples, Myozen (1184-1225). Another master was Hakuin Ekaku (1686-1769), Ordained at fourteen and given the name Ekaku which means â€Å"Wise Crane†. Hakuin is known for revitalizing the koan practice of the Rinzai School, which focused on â€Å"observing the key word†. Dogen founded the Soto school of Buddhism in Japan, which stressed silent sitting and a gradual path to enlightenment. Hakuin was a major critic of Soto Zen and believed thatRead MoreZen And Pure Land Buddhism1470 Words   |  6 Pagestraining that shows how it is different from normative Japanese Tendai and Darumashu practice. Dogen goes to China and brings back Caodong transmission. He later moved to a remote location off the coast of Japan and setting up shops. Dogen used Koan s but his style leaned more towards a commercial style instead of the Kanna style. In some cases, the Five Mountains temples became the center of learning for the study of neo-Confucian metaphysics, Chinese poetry, and calligraphy, material arts suchRead MoreFinding A Middle Way Between Zen And Pure Land Buddhism1692 Words   |  7 Pagescompassion and kono-mama or sono-mama (isness or suchness). 2. The Role of Language Zen’s school of thought in the context of language is seen through jiriki (self-power). The koan, one of the foundations of Zen learning, uses its approach by believing that one must embody and realize the koan (Shinran 139). Realizing the koan means to comprehend and embody Zen meditation completely. The goal of Zen Buddhism is to look towards the future, searching to attain satori (awakening). Through jiriki nembutsuRead MoreZen And Pure Land Buddhism1584 Words   |  7 Pagescompassion and ono-mama or sono-mama (isness or suchness). 2. The Role of Language Zen’s school of thought in the context of language is seen through jiriki (self-power).The koan, one of the foundation of zen learning, uses its approach by believing that one must embody and realize the koan (Shinran PG#). Realizing the koan means to comprehend and embody Zen meditation completely. The goal of Zen Buddhism is to look towards the future, searching to attain satori (awakening). Through jiriki nembutsuRead MoreBuddhism : The True Reality Of Reality And The Achievement Of Enlightenment1478 Words   |  6 Pagesshows them how to think or what not to think. Zen Buddhism is about showing true reality and having direct contact or glimpses of it rather than just saying what reality is. Some teachings of Zen emphasize unsolvable riddles or questions known as Koans, which a student attempts to rationalize and think about, however, they have no official solution. They cannot be solved through thinking (Suzuki, 1934). Even though Zen is criticized for speaking a lot beca use of so many of these anecdotes, they areRead MoreSimilarities Between Sherlock Holmes And Buddhism1481 Words   |  6 Pagesits discursive use is incapable of knowing and understanding in toto what reality is† because of this â€Å"paradoxes, contradictions, and even what appears to be utter nonsense abound in Zen literature† (Nagatomo, 2006). The aim of these paradoxes, or koans, is to â€Å"bring objective logic to a deadlock† (Nakamura, 1985). It is not only Zen that shares these somewhat â€Å"anti-logic† beliefs as even Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism do not strongly favour â€Å"intellectual speculation,† even though â€Å"rational thoughtRead MoreThe World Of The Buddha1381 Words   |  6 Pagesof each other, two Japanese monks, Eisai (1141-1215) and Dogen (1200-53), went to China, where they trained respectively in the Linji and Zaodong schools of Chan (Davids 112). These they then introduced into Japan. Rinzai emphasizes the use of th e koan, a mental stumbling block or riddle that the meditator must solve to the satisfaction of his master. Soto lays more stress on seated meditation without conscious striving for a goal, or zazen. Both schools fostered good relations with the shoguns and

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

The Connectio Between Animal Cruelty And Human Violence Essay Example For Students

The Connectio Between Animal Cruelty And Human Violence Essay Word Count: 1452 Animal cruelty encompasses a range of different behaviors harmful to animals, from neglect to malicious, brutal killings. Studies show that animal cruelty may lead to more serious forms of crime, like heavy drug use, violent outbursts, and most common, cold blooded murder. Many studies in psychology, sociology, and criminology during the last twenty-five years have demonstrated that violent offenders frequently have childhood and adolescent histories of serious and repeated animal cruelty. A web page that goes by the name Animal Alliance says most cruelty investigated by humane officers, is unintentional neglect, and can be resolved through education. (3) I was slightly shocked when I saw this comment. Anyone who puts an animals life in their hands, has a responsibility to it. You dont just forget to feed him/her, or forget to show them love unless it is intentional, it get so much worse, though. These people arent just forgetting to feed their pets, or give them attention, theyre kicking and beating them, poisoning and butchering these poor creatures, and what makes me sick to my stomach, is that some of these people do it for fun!! I recently ran across a link to a web page that contained a online petition to put a cats killers to justice with maximum sentence. This is the article I found on this brutal torture of an innocent creature. ***WARNING*** (graphic details) On October 10, 1999, a beautiful female cat came willingly to the four boys who stopped on the side of the road and called to her. Her trust was rewarded by unthinkable terror and cruelty being used as a tug-of-war toy until the boys heard something pop, having her legs broken, being jumped up and down on like a trampoline. Even when her pitiful battered body was mercifully dead, her suffering was not at an end. The boys then placed her ravaged body under the wheel of their car, braking over her, as they drove off to find other amusement. Once the Chesapeake Animal Control conducted their investigation and performed a necropsy, criminal charges were filed against 3 of the 4 boys involved. If these charges are found to be accurate, these boys are not only in violation of the laws of the State of Virginia, but are also in need of immediate psychiatric intervention. (1)*** Another horrific article I ran across was even worse. It was about a dog who to was also a victim of rancid brutality. Here is that story. ***WARNING*** (graphic details) Jose, Marcus, Richard and Lance are accused of obtaining a video camera, pressing the record button, luring Scruffy from his home, and then torturing and killing him in an unspeakably monstrous act of cruelty. In the videotape that the police and media have in their possession, four men are shown torturing and killing Scruffy in lurid detail. The quality of the tape is very good, and the police have been able to obtain photographs of the men in the tape. In this tape, one of the four men is shown to elevate Scruffy off the ground by the neck, and then begin this horrific abuse by choking him. This 6 pound little dog did not have a fighting chance against these men. Scruffy, still alive, was then placed in a trash bag. The four men shown in the tape then doused the trash bag with what appeared in the video to be lamp oil, took a cigarette lighter, and set Scruffy on fire. Scruffy, at this point in the video, began to run wildly in pain and agony around the trees while the four men watched and laughed. When the flames finally went out, Scruffy was still alive, but his torture was not over. Next, the men decided to try to decapitate Scruffy with a shovel. After slamming the shovel into Scruffys neck and not being able to attain their goal, they realized that Scruffy was more of a fighter than they had expected. .u78c2da88a6364ddd099b1c7765fead5f , .u78c2da88a6364ddd099b1c7765fead5f .postImageUrl , .u78c2da88a6364ddd099b1c7765fead5f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u78c2da88a6364ddd099b1c7765fead5f , .u78c2da88a6364ddd099b1c7765fead5f:hover , .u78c2da88a6364ddd099b1c7765fead5f:visited , .u78c2da88a6364ddd099b1c7765fead5f:active { border:0!important; } .u78c2da88a6364ddd099b1c7765fead5f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u78c2da88a6364ddd099b1c7765fead5f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u78c2da88a6364ddd099b1c7765fead5f:active , .u78c2da88a6364ddd099b1c7765fead5f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u78c2da88a6364ddd099b1c7765fead5f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u78c2da88a6364ddd099b1c7765fead5f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u78c2da88a6364ddd099b1c7765fead5f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u78c2da88a6364ddd099b1c7765fead5f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u78c2da88a6364ddd099b1c7765fead5f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u78c2da88a6364ddd099b1c7765fead5f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u78c2da88a6364ddd099b1c7765fead5f .u78c2da88a6364ddd099b1c7765fead5f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u78c2da88a6364ddd099b1c7765fead5f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: College Dorms Essay The men then opened Scruffys mouth and began to pull his jaws apart, as if trying to rip his face in two. Using the shovel in place of a club, the men then beat Scruffy until his tiny body gave out, and he died. Throughout the videotape the four men are all shown laughing and having a good time as they are carrying out these unspeakable tortures. (1) *** After I read these stories I was disgusted, revolted, down right sickened by the realization that these men needed to be